The fresh sis repaired outcomes define 65% of your own version during the training contained in this try
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If Bolivia ladies single more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Within our shot you will find 676 siblings, regarding whom 302 were ple (while they are from a family group where a minumum of one girl is partnered early) have dads with notably down academic attainment, may feel Muslim, and therefore are very likely to live-in outlying areas
When we mention the newest the amount that state and village fixed outcomes simply take variations in societal and you may financial drawback of the exploring their capacity to identify adaptation inside the instructional attainment, we discover your town repaired outcomes determine over 31% associated with the adaptation, considerably more compared to the step 3% told me by province fixed consequences. All the type try however inside communities.
I very first introduce estimations that control getting province*time-revolution FE and town*time-revolution FE. We next go a step subsequent of the to present results in which we imagine sister fixed consequences activities where the coefficients try projected away from evaluations from siblings, certainly one of which had married early plus the other whom did maybe not. This investigations controls for everybody family relations qualities, one another observable and you can unobservable, educated by the siblings e.grams., members of the family background. So it however significantly reduces the latest attempt. Such results are therefore best-read as actually applicable so you’re able to houses off alot more conservative minimizing socio-monetary home. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.