The brand new sibling repaired outcomes identify 65% of adaptation during the education contained in this shot
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Inside our decide to try you’ll find 676 sisters, from which 302 was indeed ple (as they come from children where at least one girl are partnered early) has actually fathers with somewhat all the way down academic attainment, are more likely to become Muslim, as they are very likely to live-in rural parts
When we speak about the latest the quantity that state and you may village repaired effects get variations in public and you will economic disadvantage of the examining the capacity to determine type from inside the instructional attainment, we discover your community fixed effects describe more 30% regarding the type, a little more than the step three% informed me by the province repaired effects. A lot of type is actually although not within this villages.
We very first establish estimations you to definitely manage for state*time-trend FE following community*time-wave FE. We up coming go one step subsequent of the to present performance in which i estimate brother repaired consequences models the spot where the coefficients was projected out of reviews off siblings, among who got married early in addition to most other who did perhaps not. So it assessment regulation for all members of the family attributes, one another observable and unobservable, experienced because of the sisters e.g., family unit members background. That it not reduces the shot. These types of results are for this reason best read as actually appropriate in order to domiciles of https://brightwomen.net/no/blog/kostnadene-for-postordrebrud/ a great deal more old-fashioned minimizing socio-economic homes. Footnote ten
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.